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Made with love by Amit Schendel & Alon Barad

CVE-2025-69211

The Invisible Path: Bypassing NestJS Middleware with URL Encoding

Alon Barad
Alon Barad
Software Engineer

Jan 1, 2026·5 min read·57 visits

Executive Summary (TL;DR)

If you are using NestJS with Fastify, your middleware might be blind. An attacker can access protected routes like `/admin` by requesting `/%61dmin`. The middleware sees a mismatch and ignores it, but the underlying Fastify router decodes it and serves the restricted content. Patch immediately to version 11.1.11.

A critical normalization discrepancy in the NestJS Fastify adapter allows attackers to bypass middleware security checks simply by URL-encoding characters in the request path.

Official Patches

NestJSCommit fixing the URL decoding logic in fastify-middie adapter

Fix Analysis (1)

Technical Appendix

CVSS Score
6.9/ 10
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N
EPSS Probability
0.14%
Top 100% most exploited

Affected Systems

NestJS applications using @nestjs/platform-fastifyNode.js web applications relying on path-based middleware

Affected Versions Detail

Product
Affected Versions
Fixed Version
@nestjs/platform-fastify
NestJS
< 11.1.1111.1.11
AttributeDetail
CWE IDCWE-367 (Time-of-Check Time-of-Use)
CVSS Score6.9 (Medium)
Attack VectorNetwork (URL Encoding)
ImpactSecurity Bypass / Authorization Bypass
Affected Component@nestjs/platform-fastify
Fix Version11.1.11

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

T1190Exploit Public-Facing Application
Initial Access
T1027Obfuscated Files or Information
Defense Evasion
CWE-367
Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition

The product checks the state of a resource before using it, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.

Known Exploits & Detection

GitHub Commit TestThe patch itself includes a reproduction test case demonstrating the bypass using '%69ncluded'.

Vulnerability Timeline

Patch commit pushed to GitHub
2025-02-01
Vulnerability Analysis Published
2025-02-14

References & Sources

  • [1]Patch Commit on GitHub
  • [2]NestJS Security Documentation

Attack Flow Diagram

Press enter or space to select a node. You can then use the arrow keys to move the node around. Press delete to remove it and escape to cancel.
Press enter or space to select an edge. You can then press delete to remove it or escape to cancel.

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